Cameras Calibration, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics    
|
After installing cameras the actual calibration are :
NF_Refl: acA1920-40gm
pixel size (real): 5.86um |
Cavity lock and references, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
Cavity is lock and optimized with the NKT. Input power is maximized (10mW).
Cavity mode is in attachement. The reference on camera with BeamProfiler Matlab code is the following:
FF_refl: [2.0883 1.1606] |
Reflection Line Polarization Measuremet, posted by Manar Amer at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
With the help of Ronic the cavity was locked in preparation to measure the polarization of the reflection line when the cavity is locked (measurement
when it is not locked was done before)
the purpose is to compare the two measurements (locked vs not locked) |
Cameras Calibration, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics 
|
Kevin
Dupraz wrote:
After installing cameras the actual calibration are : |
Cameras Calibration, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics 
|
After check a mistake has been found on the magnification. This seems to be the good calibration (feel free to cross check). The projection of the 2mm
hex is attached
|
Manip 10 12 2021 (optimization injection Burst), posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Manip 10/12/2021
Après recherche de la résonnance principale
- MCS miroirs plan à 5.110250mm (en derive vers les negatifs) |
Manip 14 12 2021 injection optimization (and calibration), posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Matin :
moteurs :
M1, M2 (plans): 5.110500m |
Manip 14 12 2021 injection optimization (and calibration), posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Après-midi :
* Optimisation de l'alignement en injection pour avoir le plus de puissance en transmission
* Optimisation (vérification) de la polarisation pour avoir le plus de couplage. |
Manip 16 12 2021 montée en puissance, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Matin:
* Redémarrage Tangor 4W
- couplage 15% |
Manip 16 12 2021 montée en puissance, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Kevin
Dupraz wrote:
Matin: |
Changements et ajout d'optiques, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Optiques ajoutées :
- splitter 90/10 au début de la voie de réflexion, pour éjecter le flux et éviter que les lambdas ne chauffent.
- deuxième polariser pour avoir une meilleur extinction. |
Manip 17 12 2021 reprise réf nouvelle injection pour polarisation, posted by Kevin Dupraz at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Tangor : 4.2W
* Réalignement de l'injection suite aux modifications :
- Changement de l'ordre des waveplate maintenant : lambda/4, puis lambda/2 |
Changement cadence et duty cycle + ref cam, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics    
|
- Prise des nouvelles ref caméras : NF{709;371} , FF{389;280} [Image 1 & 2]
- Placement d'une photodiode rapide en transmission pour voir le train d'impulsions du Tangor à travers la cavité.
- Lock du Tangor en quasi-continue, P_moy = 2W, 100 kHz. |
Problèmes Cavitée, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics  
|
Précédentes ref pour lesquelles la manip fonctionnait :
Caméras :
709 ; 371 NF |
Phase noise measurement of the Amplitude MIKAN, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
Installation of the MIKAN.
powermeter (with OD1) just after the oscillator shows 440mW for 4A of the MIKAN pump current.
|
Phase noise measurement of the Amplitude MIKAN, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
Coupling into a 50-50% fiber coupler using the Thorlabs XYZ table NanoMax TS.
We reached 117mW after the 50% arm which means we coupled about 230mW (the coupling better than 50%).
Ronic |
Mirrors Mottors Connections , posted by Manar Amer at Other about mechanics 
|
* The connections to control the motors of the mirrors are connected in the order stated :
M1
- M2 - M3 - |
Mirrors Mottors Connections , posted by Manar Amer at Other about mechanics | cabling
|
Added the cabling to the categories
Manar
Amer wrote:
* The connections to control the motors of the mirrors are connected |
Setting up the Motors, posted by Manar Amer at Other about mechanics | cabling | software
|
A document attached that describes the procedure needed to:
- connect the motors
- configure the Ethernet connection |
Alignment using Helium Neon Laser , posted by Manar Amer at Other about lasers and optics
|
| 05 April 2021 : A rough alignment of the cavity was done using the Helium Neon Laser. |
Distances between mirrors , posted by Manar Amer at Other about mechanics | software 
|
At the reference zero the distance between the mirrors is (taken from a reference presentation "status9nov2020" attached):
M1-M2 = 88.029 mm
M3-M4 = 84.6895 mm |
Alignment using Koheras , posted by Manar Amer at Other about lasers and optics 6x
|
Following the Helium Neon Alignment + change in the distance between the mirrors to be; M3-M4 = 90.5 mm , M1-M2 = 80.2 mm -→ The alignment
using the Koheras CW laser is done.
Additional components used:
for monitoring beam : Photodiode (power of beam), Beam Profiler (shape, position, power |
Mode observed and cavity Lock , posted by Manar Amer at Other about lasers and optics  
|
** Following up from yesterday an observation about the TM00 mode : it has been seen with similar dimensions and its position is the same, this was before
restarting the temperature regulator.
--> after restarting the temp. regulator |
Lock, cavity length and finesse estimate, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
Ronic just suceeded in obtaining a reasonably good lock on the cavity. Air flow is switched off.
We stopped all movements (closed loop, click STOP in the PTC interface) and saw immediately a fair but not excellent lock.
We then switched off the smaract motors and the obtained lock was good. Switching on again the smaract means tthat the references are lost. |
Distances between mirrors , posted by Manar Amer at Other about mechanics | lasers and optics | software
|
New update on the position of the Motors for the cavity
***** we moved the motors to set the cavity at 876MHz, and checked it right after with the RF modulation at FSR.
So compared to the expected setting we had to move inwards the two planar mirrors by 0.9 mm each. |
Theoretical Finesse, Gain and Coupling, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
For spherical mirrors M3 and M4 (batch C117I054) the reflectance (R) is around 99.9987% (if T+R=1 => T=13ppm)
For plan mirror M2 (batch C217G054) the reflectance (R) is around 99.9977% (if T+R=1 => T=23ppm)
(1) => For plan mirror M1 (batch C217H023) the reflectance (R) is around 98.96% and transmittance (T) is around 1.14% (T=11400 ppm) |
Mode observed and cavity Lock , posted by Manar Amer at Other about lasers and optics
|
New configuration is made. The new mode observed in NF_Trans is the following :
Manar
Amer wrote:
** Following up from yesterday an observation about the TM00 mode : |
Lock, cavity length and finesse estimate, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
we observed that the transmitted light coming from the cavity is made of the cavity mode light and the scattered light on the borders of the mirrors.
the scattered light on the borders of the mirrors is triggered by the cavity mode itself when the cavity is locked.
we didn't put an iris to cut this scattered light coming from the cavity. |
Polarisation Results of the NKT, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
I made many tests about polarization and we can see some points thanks to the following figures :
1- The ellipsicity of the NKT is near to 0 (between -0,2 and 0,2) which means the polarization is rectilinear horizontale (attachement 1).
2- The power of the NKT has no influence on the polarization, verticale or horizontale (attachement 2 and 3). |
Locking of the cavity and setup changing, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
We change the setup a bit to have the same polarization on the photodiode and the PDH (in reflexion of the cavity). CF: schematics (futur).
Thanks to that, the symetry between reflexion and transmission is better now (as you can see on the plot).
We also put more power on PHD to have a better SNR by changing splitters. (We had 100 µW and now we have more than 1 mW, at the expense |
Polarisation Results of the NKT, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
To have the polarisation, we must have 1 value because the laser in entry of the system has 1 polar. Due to that, the graphe of the ellipticity is not
true, it is the mean value on the following table which shows the ellipticity and the polarization.
Blanc |
Ring light in the cavity, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
We put a diaphragm in the input beam but it doesn't work to suppress the ring light only but it attenuates the whole transmitted beam (cavity mode
and ring light) viewed on the camera. |
Polarization Results in transmission, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
After data processing, I finally find the polarization in transmissin of the FPC. As you can see below, the polarisation is not linear but elliptical.
The four ellipsies are here due to having not enougth parameters to extract with certainty one ellipse. |
1GHz oscillator Frep measurement, posted by Blanc at Optical room about mechanics | lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
a previous cavity FSR measurement was giving a center frequency around 867.5MHz.
the present 1GHz oscillator Frep measurement is about 879.888MHz.
the
present shift is about 12.4MHz which is equivalent to move one cavity lenght by 4.3mm which is HUGE !!!
as the 1GHz oscillator does not have any motor,
one has to move the FP cavity mirrors instead.
the PZT inside the 1GHz oscillator (Thorlabs PC4QR) has a dynamic range of (20µm for 150V... we will |
ip adress of smaract driver, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics | software
|
the ip adress of the smaract driver is now 10.0.53.10:5000
please think about putting such kind of changes in the logbook |
new position of smaract motors, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about mechanics | detectors and electronics | software
|
following the measuremetn at 879.9 MHZ of the laser theoptical cavity length has been adjusted to that value from 876MHz setting of the 5th of may 21.
new motor positions:
M3/M4 : -2.9mm |
piezo actuation range, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
A 10V applied on the laser piezo was found to induce a frequecny change of about 5kHz, compatible with expectations from the piezo sensitivity. this
was measured by a freqeuncy analysis of the signal produced by the laser itself on a photodiode det10a
|
phone is noise, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics
|
doing the sensitivty measurement of the piezo we observed satellite peaks around 800 to 900 Mhz. Removing the phones from the experience room(in the
cupboard in the sas) removed that effect immediately. |
new position of smaract motors, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics | software
|
| a cavity length measurement gave 880.9Mhz. The m1/M2 have been put to +5.1000mm both M3/M4 srill at -2.9mm |
new position of smaract motors, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics | software
|
to find the fundamental mode we moved the cavity mirrors to new positions:
+5.104mm for both planar mirrors in closed loop
spherical unchanged (-2.9mm) |
new position of smaract motors, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics | software
|
the M1 is not at 5.1045mm to put the fundamental on the scanning range of the laser piezo
M2 still at 5.104mm
M3/M4 at -2.9mm still |
new position of smaract motors, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about detectors and electronics | software
|
after 3hours (1pm --> 4pm) the cavity moved by 12um in total
new positions: +5.1065mm on M1 and M2 (5.1050 before)
the drift is 4um/hour which amounts to about 10kHz drift / hour+the temperature of the optics room also changed unfortunaltey (linked to extinction |
Locking with fast analog loop on AOM, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
in addition to the standard locking scheme with the GHz laser PZT,
we added an AOM after the PDH modulation EOM and we drove it with an FM modulated signal generator (FMDev = 2.4MHz) seeded by the error signal.
(we didn't put a 50ohm plug to adapt the error signal coming from the PDH box, otherwise, it is too much smaller) |
Finess and coupling measurement, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics 
|
We did the measurement of the Finess and coupling with the NKT, with 2 EOM, without AOM (so the lock signal is noisy), on the burst line.
For the coupling, we have the same value as with the GHz locked on the burst line too, which is around 20 percent.
it seems this low coupling comes from the geometrical coupling as we observed an incoming beam bigger than the cavity mode on the cameras. |
Setup and measurements, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics    
|
To summerize the results of this week :
We made the setup in attachement 5 and align it to have the good mode in the cavity (TEM00).
With the good alignment, we found the lock of the GHz, in attachement 1. We used the motors in the cavity to position very precisely the mirrors |
PZT resonant frequencies, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about mechanics | lasers and optics | detectors and electronics 
|
we have excited the PZT with a swept sinus wave from 1kHz to 10kHz and from 10kHz to 100kHz.
here are the 2 different spectrums:
- the 1kHz-10kHz is a standard spectrum where we see the impedance behavior of the PZT: Zpzt ~ 1/jCw |
Amplitude GHz oscillator phase noise with PZT effect, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
3 phase noise measurements made on the Amplitude GHz oscillator with different PZT configurations :
- black curve: PZT connector is open
- green curve: PZT connector is shorted by 50 ohms |
Phase noise measurement of the Amplitude MIKAN, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
MIKAN phase noise and RIN measurements:
Ronic
Chiche wrote:
Coupling into a 50-50% fiber coupler using the Thorlabs XYZ table |
Amplitude GHz oscillator phase noise with PZT effect, posted by Ronic Chiche at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Thorlabs PZT datasheet.
Reference: PC4QR
Ronic |
1GHz oscillator Frep measurement, posted by Blanc at Optical room about mechanics | lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
The optical spectrum of the GHz oscillator: FWHM ~ 4nm
Blanc
wrote:
a previous cavity FSR measurement was giving a center frequency around 867.5MHz. |
Presentations, posted by Blanc at Other about utilities    
|
| Here the first part of all the presentations since the beginning of the project. |
Presentations, posted by Blanc at Other about utilities  
|
| Here the second part of all the presentations since the beginning of the project. |
Presentations, posted by Blanc at Other about utilities   
|
| Here the last part of all the presentations since the beginning of the project. |
new smaract positions, posted by Aurélien Martens at Optical room about mechanics | software
|
| M1 and M2 at 5.1085mm and M3 and M4 at -2.9mm |
input and output power of the AOM 50MHz, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics
|
Input power of the AOM :
150mW
output power of the AOM : |
Différence de fréquence Tangor/Lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics | detectors and electronics  
|
- On a observé que le fondamental du Tangor et celui de la Lockline n'étaient pas situés à la même fréquence.
Avec la différence de tension donnée par le piezo entre les deux et le déplacement du piezo en fonction de la tension appliquée
donnée par sa datasheet (150 V pour 20 µm), on obtient un écart de fréquence de 121 MHz [Image 1]. |
Données pour la baisse en cadence, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 7x
|
Position Cam :
692;363 NF_inj
520;193 FF_inj |
Tests et mesures lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Mesures de puissance fibres lockline :
AVANT POLISSAGE
injection premier étage : 15 mW |
Tests et mesures lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Blanc
wrote:
Mesures de puissance fibres lockline : |
Suite Mesures de puissance lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Changement d'AOM pour passer sur l'AOM 200 MHz.
Le schéma suivant récapitule les mesures prises.
Il y a eu une chute de la puissance en sortie de la fibre bleue de la lockline. |
Suite Mesures de puissance lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Blanc
wrote:
Changement d'AOM pour passer sur l'AOM 200 MHz. |
Mesure de finesse, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Fréquence centrale : 879.48 MHz
FWHM mesurée à la main sans sweep : 120 / 130 KHz
=> Finesse = FSR/FWHM = ~7000 |
Mesure de finesse, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Blanc
wrote:
Fréquence centrale : 879.48 MHz |
Position des miroirs et gain photodiode, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Nouvelle position des miroirs :
5.198865 ; 5.199305 ; -2.9 ; -2.9
Photodiode de transmission, gain de 60, 1MOhm osc : 2.5 V |
Nouvelles positions moteurs et calibrations camera, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Positions moteurs :
5.198865 ; 5.198596 ; -2.9 ; -2.9
Calibration caméras : |
Mesures de Polarisation, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
En récupérant la transmission du miroir M3 sphérique sortant de la cavité, on a pu faire une mesure de polarisation de la
cavité. (Cf courbes ci-dessous)
La moyenne pour chaque courbe donne : |
Mesures de Polarisation, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Correction su l'orientation de l'ellipse.
Blanc
wrote:
En récupérant la transmission du miroir M3 sphérique |
Mesures de Polarisation Lockline et Tangor, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 11x
|
Vérification des polarisations après le combiner pour le Tangor et la Lockline.
On remarque certains paramètres de Stokes ont des valeurs étranges, comme S1 de la lockline.
De plus le polariseur voit la lockline comme non-polarisé. |
Combiner Layertec, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
| La doc du combiner Layertec servant à combiner la lockline et le Tangor. |
Schéma Manip , posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
| Ci-dessous le schéma actuel de la manip. |
Optimisation de la polariation Tangor and Lockline, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 13x
|
J'ai optimisé la polarisation du Tangor et de la Lockline en jouant sur l'angle du combiner et sur la lambda/2 de chacune des voies.
J'ai réussi à obtenir une polarisation croisée entre le Tangor et la Lockline et une polarisation quasi-linéaire
pour chacune des deux voies. |
Fin mesures de Polarisation Lockline et Tangor et Burst Cav, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 12x
|
Avec un setup plus fiable que précédemment, on a remesuré la polarisation du Tangor et de la lockline et en ajustant le combiner
sur ses deux axes ainsi que la lambda/2 de chaque voies à l'aide du polariseur que l'on a placé avant le combineur.
On obtient l'état de polarisation optimal pour les deux voies. |
Burst Stacking in cavity, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 7x
|
Les trois premières images sont la premières injection d'un burst dans la cavité à 3 instant t. On remarque plusieurs
choses :
- Le burst peut être plus ou moins bien injecté |
Mesure polarisation voie de réflexion, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 18x
|
J'ai fait les mesures de polarisation sur la voie de réflexion pour voir la polarisation avant le glan et après le glan du Tangor et
de la lockline.
Dans l'ordre : |
Update schéma manip, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
| Le dernier schéma de la manip avec plus d'infos. |
Calcul Polar, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
J'ai fait le calcul de la puissance du Tangor qui passait à travers le glan avec 3 hypothèses :
1- Le faisceau est totalement polarisé et le glan est parfait (cf : image 1)
2- Le faisceau est totalement polarisé et le glan est imparfait (cf : image 2) |
Polar cavité, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
Après avoir locké avec la lockline et retiré le glan et la paire de lambda sur la voie PDH, j'ai observé que la polarisation
dans la cavité changeait en fonction de la polarisation en amont que l'on pouvait changer grâce à la paire de lambda qui se trouve
après le combiner. J'ai donc cherché à la rendre linéaire, vu que l'on a jusqu'ici préréglé |
Polar cavité, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Après avoir enlevé le PBS en transmission de la cavité j'ai cherché à atteindre le maximum possible sur la photodiode
de transmission en faisant varier la polarisation en entrée de la cavité.
J'ai remarqué que l'on était pas très sensible (40 mV d'incertitude) lorsque l'on atteignait le maximum |
Dégénérescence cavité polar, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 12x
|
En étant locké avec la lockline, j'ai fait plusieurs mesures à différents états de polarisation.
Je peux constater que la puissance en transmission varie en fonction de la polarisation, mais il n'y a pas de délock.
On a les valeurs suivante en transmission pour chaque état de polarisation : |
Couplage, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
| Voici le résultat de la manip sur le couplage sur la voie réfléchie pour deux états de polarisation orthogonaux. |
Caractérisation Cavité et Polar, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 12x
|
Pour caractériser la cavité, j'ai injecté différents états de polarisation (non locké) et j'ai relevé
la transmission de la cavité et la réflexion de la cavité, locké puis délocké.
On observe que le pourcentage de couplage dans la cavité ne change pas en fonction de la polarisation, contrairement à l'intensité. |
Caractérisation Cavité et Polar, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics  
|
J'ai relevé la position des miroirs pour faire une comparaison avec ce que l'on avait précédement :
5.214037 ; 5.168388 ; -2.9 ; -2.9
De plus on a en transmission de M3, mesuré au puissancemètre thermique : P = 56.2 µW => Pcav = 4.683 W avec T_M3 = 12ppm. |
Taille faisceau, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics  
|
J'ai fait une comparaison de la taille du faisceau sur les miroirs de la cavité pour savoir si le mauvais couplage dans la cavité était
dû à cela.
Au vue des faibles différences, cela n'explique pas le couplage si bas que l'on obtient. |
Couplage différents setups, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
Pour voir à quel endroit le couplage diminuait drastiquement, j'ai mesuré celui-ci pour différentes configurations.
On observe que le couplage diminue fortement après le passage dans l'AOM.
Celui-ci est à son fonctionnement nominal à 197 MHz et 350mVpp. |
Couplage and CEP, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Pour avoir une idée du couplage en fonction de la CEP, j'ai pris 11 séries de 10 mesures de l'intensité réfléchie
en changeant la CEP avec des AOM.
J'ai pu calculé chaque Δ = (I_Delock-I_lock)/I_Delock = C(1-|R|²) ainsi que leurs |
Couplage and CEP, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Les courbes avec les barres d'erreurs du fit dans le titre.
Blanc
wrote:
Pour avoir une idée du couplage en fonction de la CEP, j'ai pris |
Couplage and CEP, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics 
|
Pour vérifier la cohérence des mesures précédentes, j'ai fait la même analyse avec l'intensité transmise.
J'ai calculé G = (I_Lock_Trans-I_Delock_Trans)/I_Delock_Refl ainsi que la deviation standard associée, puis moyenné
et fitté, en prenant toujours en compte les barres d'erreurs. |
Verification CEP , posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics
|
On a voulu véifier que le changement de couplage induit par la CEP était une conséquence du changement de CEP dans l'oscillateur
dû au très léger déplacement angulaire de la monture de fond de cavité où il y a le SESAM et le piezo.
Pour cela, j'ai changé très légèrement l'angle vertical de la monture de fond de cavité et j'ai |
Modulation EOM, posted by Blanc at Optical room about lasers and optics   
|
EOM dans la lockline:
Image 1 (sans 2è étage): on voit la modulation en réflexion de la cavité.
Image 2 (avec 2è étage): on voit la modulation en réflexion de la cavité et il semblerait qu'elle soit présente |